blog/posts/operations-research-references.org

---
title: "Operations Research and Optimisation: where to start?"
date: 2020-05-26
---

[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research][Operations research]] (OR) is a vast area comprising a lot of theory,
different branches of mathematics, and too many applications to
count. In this post, I will try to explain why I find it so
fascinating, but also why it can be a little disconcerting to explore
at first. Then I will try to ease the newcomer's path in this rich
area, by suggesting a very rough "map" of the field and a few
references to get started.

Keep in mind that although I studied it during my graduate studies,
this is not my primary area of expertise (I'm a data scientist by
trade), and I definitely don't pretend to know everything in OR. This
is a field too vast for any single person to understand in its
entirety, and I talk mostly from a "amateur mathematician and computer
scientist" standpoint.

* Why is it hard to approach?

Operations research can be difficult to approach, since there are many
references and subfields. Compared to machine learning for instance,
OR has a slightly longer history (going back to the 17th century, for
example with [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Monge][Monge]] and the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_theory_(mathematics)][optimal transport
problem]])[fn:optimaltransport]. This means that good textbooks and such
have existed for a long time, but also that there will be plenty of
material to choose from.

[fn:optimaltransport] {-} For a very nice introduction (in French) to
optimal transport, see these blog posts by [[https://twitter.com/gabrielpeyre][Gabriel Peyré]], on the CNRS
maths blog: [[https://images.math.cnrs.fr/Le-transport-optimal-numerique-et-ses-applications-Partie-1.html][Part 1]] and [[https://images.math.cnrs.fr/Le-transport-optimal-numerique-et-ses-applications-Partie-2.html][Part 2]]. See also the resources on
[[https://optimaltransport.github.io/][optimaltransport.github.io]] (in English).


Moreover, OR is very close to applications. Sometimes methods may vary
a lot in their presentation depending on whether they're applied to
train tracks, sudoku, or travelling salesmen. In practice, the
terminology and notations are not the same everywhere. This is
disconcerting if you are used to "pure" mathematics, where notations
evolved over a long time and is pretty much standardised for many
areas. In contrast, if you're used to the statistics literature with
its [[https://lingpipe-blog.com/2009/10/13/whats-wrong-with-probability-notation/][strange notations]], you will find that OR is actually very well
formalized.

There are many subfields of operations research, including all kinds
of optimization (constrained and unconstrained), game theory, dynamic
programming, stochastic processes, etc.

* Where to start

** Introduction and modelling

For an overall introduction, I recommend cite:wentzel1988_operat. It
is an old book, published by Mir Publications, a Soviet publisher
which published many excellent scientific textbooks[fn:mir]. It is out
of print, but it is available [[https://archive.org/details/WentzelOperationsResearchMir1983][on Archive.org]]. The book is quite old,
but everything presented is still extremely relevant today. It
requires absolutely no background, and covers everything: a general
introduction to the field, linear programming, dynamic programming,
Markov processes and queues, Monte Carlo methods, and game
theory. Even if you already know some of these topics, the
presentations is so clear that it is a pleasure to read!  (In
particular, it is one of the best presentations of dynamic programming
that I have ever read. The explanation of the simplex algorithm is
also excellent.)

[fn:mir] {-} Mir also published [[https://mirtitles.org/2011/06/03/physics-for-everyone/][/Physics for Everyone/]] by Lev Landau
and Alexander Kitaigorodsky, a three-volume introduction to physics
that is really accessible. Together with Feynman's famous [[https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/][lectures]], I
read them (in French) when I was a kid, and it was the best
introduction I could possibly have to the subject.


If you are interested in optimization, the first thing you have to
learn is modelling, i.e. transforming your problem (described in
natural language, often from a particular industrial application) into
a mathematical programme. The mathematical programme is the structure
on which you will be able to apply an algorithm to find an optimal
solution. Even if (like me) you are initially more interested by the
algorithmic side of things, learning to create models will shed a lot
of light on the overall process, and will give you more insight in
general on the reasoning behind algorithms.

The best book I have read on the subject is
cite:williams2013_model. It contains a lot of concrete, step-by-step
examples on concrete applications, in a multitude of domains, and
remains very easy to read and to follow. It covers nearly every type
of problem, so it is very useful as a reference. When you encounter a
concrete problem in real life afterwards, you will know how to
construct an appropriate model, and in the process you will often
identify a common type of problem. The book then gives plenty of
advice on how to best approach each type of problem. Finally, it is
also a great resource to build a "mental map" of the field, avoiding
to get lost in the jungle of linear, stochastic, mixed integer,
quadratic, and other network problems.

Another interesting resource is the freely available [[https://docs.mosek.com/modeling-cookbook/index.html][MOSEK Modeling
Cookbook]], covering many types of problems, with more mathematical
details than in cite:williams2013_model. It is built for people
wanting to use the commercial [[https://www.mosek.com/][MOSEK]] solver, so it could be useful if
you plan to use a solver package like this one (more details on
solvers [[solvers][below]]).

** Theory and algorithms

The basic algorithm for optimization is the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_algorithm][simplex algorithm]],
developed by Dantzig in the 1940s to solve [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming][linear programming]]
problems. It is the one of the main building blocks for mathematical
optimization, and is used and referenced extensively in all kinds of
approaches. As such, it is really important to understand it in
detail. There are many books on the subject, but I especially liked
cite:chvatal1983_linear (out of print, but you can find cheap used
versions on Amazon). It covers everything there is to know on the
simplex algorithms (step-by-step explanations with simple examples,
correctness and complexity analysis, computational and implementation
considerations) and to many applications. I think it is overall the
best introduction. cite:vanderbei2014_linear follows a very similar
outline, but contains more recent computational
considerations[fn:simplex_implem]. (The author also has [[http://vanderbei.princeton.edu/307/lectures.html][lecture
slides]].)

[fn:simplex_implem] For all the details about practical
implementations of the simplex algorithm, cite:maros2003_comput is
dedicated to the computational aspects and contains everything you
will need.


For more books on linear programming, the two books
cite:dantzig1997_linear, cite:dantzig2003_linear are very complete, if
somewhat more mathematically advanced. cite:bertsimas1997_introd is
also a great reference, if you can find it.

For all the other subfields, [[https://or.stackexchange.com/a/870][this great StackExchange answer]] contains
a lot of useful references, including most of the above. Of particular
note are cite:peyreComputationalOptimalTransport2019 for optimal
transport, cite:boyd2004_convex for convex optimization ([[https://web.stanford.edu/~boyd/cvxbook/][freely
available online]]), and cite:nocedal2006_numer for numerical
optimization. cite:kochenderfer2019_algor is not in the list (because
it is very recent) but is also excellent, with examples in Julia
covering nearly every kind of optimization algorithms.

** Online courses

If you would like to watch video lectures, there are a few good
opportunities freely available online, in particular on [[https://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm][MIT
OpenCourseWare]]. The list of courses at MIT is available [[https://orc.mit.edu/academics/course-offerings][on their
webpage]]. I haven't actually looked in details at the courses
content[fn:courses], so I cannot vouch for them directly, but MIT
courses are generally of excellent quality. Most courses are also
taught by Bertsimas and Bertsekas, who are very famous and wrote many
excellent books.

[fn:courses] I am more comfortable reading books than watching lecture
videos online. Although I liked attending classes during my studies, I
do not have the same feeling in front of a video. When I read, I can
re-read three times the same sentence, pause to look up something, or
skim a few paragraphs. I find that the inability to do that with a
video diminishes greatly my ability to concentrate.


Of particular notes are:
- [[https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-251j-introduction-to-mathematical-programming-fall-2009/][Introduction to Mathematical Programming]],
- [[https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-084j-nonlinear-programming-spring-2004/][Nonlinear Optimization]],
- [[https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-253-convex-analysis-and-optimization-spring-2012/][Convex Analysis and Optimization]],
- [[https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-972-algebraic-techniques-and-semidefinite-optimization-spring-2006/][Algebraic Techniques and Semidefinite Optimization]],
- [[https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-083j-integer-programming-and-combinatorial-optimization-fall-2009/][Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization]].

Another interesting course I found online is [[https://www.ams.jhu.edu/~wcook12/dl/index.html][Deep Learning in Discrete
Optimization]], at Johns Hopkins[fn:cook]. It contains an interesting
overview of deep learning and integer programming, with a focus on
connections, and applications to recent research areas in ML
(reinforcement learning, attention, etc.).

[fn:cook] {-} It is taught by William Cook, who is the author of [[https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691163529/in-pursuit-of-the-traveling-salesman][/In
Pursuit of the Traveling Salesman/]], a nice introduction to the TSP
problem in a readable form.


* Solvers and computational resources <<solvers>>

When you start reading about modelling and algorithms, I recommend you
try solving a few problems yourself, either by hand for small
instances, or using an existing solver. It will allow you to follow
the examples in books, while also practising your modelling
skills. You will also get an intuition of what is difficult to model
and to solve.

There are many solvers available, both free and commercial, with
various capabilities. I recommend you use the fantastic [[https://github.com/JuliaOpt/JuMP.jl][JuMP]] library
for Julia, which exposes a domain-specific language for modelling,
along with interfaces to nearly all major solver packages. (Even if
you don't know Julia, this is a great and easy way to start!) If you'd
rather use Python, you can use Google's [[https://developers.google.com/optimization/introduction/python][OR-Tools]] or [[https://github.com/coin-or/pulp][PuLP]] for linear
programming.

Regarding solvers, there is a [[http://www.juliaopt.org/JuMP.jl/stable/installation/#Getting-Solvers-1][list of solvers]] on JuMP's documentation,
with their capabilities and their license. Free solvers include [[https://www.gnu.org/software/glpk/][GLPK]]
(linear programming), [[https://github.com/coin-or/Ipopt][Ipopt]] (non-linear programming), and [[https://scip.zib.de/][SCIP]]
(mixed-integer linear programming).

Commercial solvers often have better performance, and some of them
propose a free academic license: [[https://www.mosek.com/][MOSEK]], [[https://www.gurobi.com/][Gurobi]], and [[https://www.ibm.com/analytics/cplex-optimizer][IBM CPLEX]] in
particular all offer free academic licenses and work very well with
JuMP.

Another awesome resource is the [[https://neos-server.org/neos/][NEOS Server]]. It offers free computing
resources for numerical optimization, including all major free and
commercial solvers! You can submit jobs on it in a standard format, or
interface your favourite programming language with it. The fact that
such an amazing resource exists for free, for everyone is
extraordinary. They also have an accompanying book, the [[https://neos-guide.org/][NEOS Guide]],
containing many case studies and description of problem types. The
[[https://neos-guide.org/content/optimization-taxonomy][taxonomy]] may be particularly useful.

* References